An Examination of Leviathan and The Second Treatise of Government - Literature Essay Samples

The focus of this essay is to examine the political theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke as presented in their books, Leviathan and The Second Treatise of Government, through the analyses of their definitions and uses of the terms: natural equality, natural right, natural liberty and law of nature. It is important to note that Locke and Hobbes each have a different conception of human nature which is reflected in their uses of these terms and in their political theories in the overall.Both Locke and Hobbes begin with the understanding that all humans are equal. Nevertheless, each one of them has a different conception of this equality and its implications on society. From Hobbes perspective people are all naturally equal, while some people are physically strong, others are more astute, so that there exists an equilibrium in the powerfulness of all people in a state of nature.1 From this assumption, Hobbes concludes that war is inevitable. When people who are equally powerful desi re one thing they automatically become enemies and there is nothing to stop them from fighting with the knowledge that they each have equal chances of gain. On the other hand, Locke believes that humans are for the most part rational enough to recognize that they are all equal in human nature, and therefore, no one should violate anothers rights. In fact, he goes as far as to state that our natural equality is such an inherent part of us that it is impossible to completely give it up or have it stripped away from us by others. He also claims humans will love one another just as they love themselves, and that no one would harm another knowing that they are all equal; for to harm another is to bring suffering unto oneself.2Whatever their conception of natural equality and its implications on human behavior, both Locke and Hobbes believe that all humans have the natural rights to carry out all acts that preserve their life, and the natural liberty to exercise those rights without any r estrictions. In Hobbes conception of natural rights, he even takes it a little farther in saying that anything that a person may define as an act of preservation of life and/or simply well being is also a right. Locke, nevertheless, specifically mentions that natural liberty is the freedom to be governed exclusively by the laws of nature and by nothing and no one else. Thus, in Lockes perspective there are the boundaries of the laws of nature to be considered within natural liberty.Having established these notions of natural equality, rights and liberty, Hobbes concludes that in light of these rights and equality, mankind will never reach a state of security and stability. The first law of nature that he introduces declares that one ought to seek peace as long as he know that he can attain it. From this law, Hobbes derives the second law of nature, that as far as there is promise for peace then a person must cast away his right to all things an be contented with so much liberty ag ainst other men as he would allow other men against himself. Thus, Hobbes claims that the only reasonable laws that people can follow to ensure their security and stability is to collectively set aside their natural rights and redefine their liberty in terms of what they will allow others, and in turn themselves. In these laws, Hobbes lays the foundation for the justification for an absolute sovereign power. In opposition, the laws of nature as Locke claims them are not only consistent with natural rights and liberty but actually mandate them. Lockes first natural law is that humans must do that which preserves their life, and that which preserves mankind. Here Locke makes the basis of his political theory clear, by declaring that individuals in a state of nature have the power to create a structure for security and stability simply by exercising their natural rights and equality. Within this context, Locke includes the protection of ones self and others from those who assume autho rity and impose subordination among them. In this sense, Locke has entrusted every individual to enforce the laws of nature, thereby creating a framework for democracy.3

Improving Your Writing Skills With GRE Essay Samples

Improving Your Writing Skills With GRE Essay SamplesA GRE Essay sample can be the right tool to use to take your essay writing to the next level. Using one of these resources will not only help you improve your own skills, but it will also help you see where you need to improve. You will find that this tool will be able to provide you with extra practice as well as a great way to improve your overall scores.The different types of study guides will also give you plenty of different ways to use. By using multiple resources at the same time, you can also learn how to structure and format your essay. Using one to two tools will allow you to increase your confidence and experience the real GRE as well.This is the key for most students, who struggle with writing a short essay. Even if you think you know what you want to say, it is important to first find the words before you can even start. GRE Essay samples can give you all the writing tips you need to be successful in this part of the te st.One of the most important sections is the revision. Many students need to use this time to get started, instead of waiting until they are left behind. Using a guide will help you find out what strategies to use, as well as methods that are going to help you maximize your chances of passing the test.A guide will help you organize your essay as well as outline exactly what to write. They will also go over the sections of the essay and show you how to structure it correctly. The time spent on practicing essays and writing will also help you develop some writing skills.Many people who have taken the GRE will tell you that it is difficult to come up with an essay that stands out from the others. Using one of these guides will make it easier for you. They will help you find what types of information you can use in order to be able to craft a great essay.One of the keys to passing the test is having the essay answered quickly. By using a guide, you will be able to make sure that you com e up with the best solution to the essay you are working on. Knowing what to look for and how to go about finding it will help you go through the entire essay process without any problems.Having a guide to use can also be useful for going back and editing the essay you have already written. It can help you organize your ideas in a way that makes it easier to work. When used properly, it can also save you time in the long run.

10 Things I Hate About You Essay - 1210 Words

10 Things I Hate About You Jami S. Ross Murray State College Author Note Jami Ross, Student of Developmental Psychology, Murray State College. Jami Ross is also a student of nursing, Murray State College. The research and comments in this paper are provided by myself. Correspondence regarding this paper should be addressed to Jami Ross, Student, Murray State College, Ardmore, OK 73401. Contact: ross7230@student.mscok.edu Abstract This paper will jump into the psychologically significant findings in the movie 10 Things I Hate About You. All research for this paper was conducted using the text required for the fall semester of Developmental Psychology (offline) and using the internet. While some see the movie as just a depiction of normal teenage life with an overbearing parent, there are many notable psychological stages, and even disorders present throughout. Without having done research to discover these, it would be easy to look over them, but once pointed out, they are more than obvious. It is interesting to see how they were put into the movie without making it the main theme of the movie itself. This paper will define those psychological findings, explain them, and locate them within the actual movie. 10 Things I Hate About You The movie 10 Things I Hate About You(1999) is a film that was based off of William Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew that was a popular play in the 16thShow MoreRelated10 Things I Hate About You Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pages10 Things I Hate About You takes William Shakespeare’s classic play, The Taming of the Shrew and manages to make it relevant to a modern audience. The story remains the same with the younger sister, Bianca, not allowed to have a relationship until her older sister, Kat, does. They did maintain several original scenes and even used several direct quotes from the original play. The writers have eliminated some of Bianca’s suitors and changed the way Kat is tamed to appeal to a modern audience. Read MoreTaming Of The Shrew And 10 Thing I Hate About You1063 Words   |  5 Pages Money isn’t the only thing that is valuable in this world. Although in many film texts this is not the case. Particularly in â€Å"Taming of the Shrew† and â€Å"10 Thing I Hate About You† because in both of the films, the main male characters Patrick and Petruchio are predominantly motivated by money. However, they ended up falling for Kat and Katharina who have been set up as the archetypal shrews in both films. During the Elizabethan era money was a major factor that influenced society’s view of yourRead MoreReview Of 10 Things I Hate About You Chick Flick Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pages Name: Menna Alaa Student number: 142 Subject: Women Studies 10 Things I Hate About You Chick Flick Analysis A Chick Flick as broadly agreed upon is the kind of films that mostly appeal to a female audience. Even the name itself is a bit offensive. It implies that films having female characters are appealing just to women spectators, and films with men, as protagonists are more commonly considered as widespread, whileRead MoreMovie : 10 Things I Hate About You878 Words   |  4 PagesMovie: 10 Things I Hate About You Kat and Bianca Stratford are being raised by their father after their mother left them. In order to keep Bianca form dating, their father develops the rule that Bianca can only date if Kat does so too. A new boy at school, Cameron, devises a plan to get somebody to date Kat. However, Kat is feared amongst the school for her attitude and behaviour, therefore making it hard for Cameron to find somebody up to the task. In the end, only Patrick Verona doesn t seem toRead MoreGirls And 10 Things I Hate About You1782 Words   |  8 Pagesreleased that depict the cultural norms, social expectations, and developments of teenagers at that period of time. Those two films, Mean Girls and 10 Things I Hate About You, successfully illuminate the motives and characterizations of young adult life and the troubles and tribulations that come along with it. 10 Things I Hate About You is a film about teenagers growing up in Seattle in the 1990’s. The music, clothing, and slang presented in the movie all emulate the time period in which it wasRead More10 Things I Hate about You and The Taming of the Shrew1171 Words   |  5 Pagesfilm â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You† is based loosely on William Shakespeare’s 15th century play â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†. The misogynistic play tells the story of how Petrucio essentially torments his headstrong wife, Katharina (also called â€Å"Katherine† and â€Å"Kate†) until she â€Å"becomes a compliant and obedient bride† (wikipedia). The story simultaneously follows the story of many suitors competing for the love of Katharina’s sister, Bianca (Wikipedia). The film adaptation, â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You†Read MoreTaming of the Shrew/ 10 Things I Hate About You1584 Words   |  7 Pagesin the modern appropriation 10 Things I H ate About You. How does each composers use of this story reflect the time in which each was composed The Taming of the Shrew was written in the Elizabethan Era in England at a time when men were considered to be superior to women. The patriarchal society of this time is reflected to a large extent in the text and various implications of traditional values can be noted. The modern appropriation, Ten Things I Hate About You, goes along the same storyRead MoreTaming Of The Shrew And 10 Things I Hate About You Analysis1390 Words   |  6 Pages‘What is Love, baby don’t hurt me, Baby don’t hurt me†¦ no more’ Love is represented in many shapes and ideas based on social context as well as those caught within. William Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew as well as its adaptation 10 Things I Hate About You by Gil Junger, represent their respective ideas on love which shares its similarities and differences, both portraying love in their own forms. Both texts highlight the ideals of love in their context as well as one of the main courtships,Read MoreAdolescent Relationships 10 Things I Hate About You Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesIn the 1999 film â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You,† the relationship between Kat Stratford and Patrick Verona is an example of how a healthy relationship can raise one’s self esteem, while the relationship between Bianca Stratford and Chastity Church shows how a low self-esteem can lead to an unhealthy relationship. At the beginning of the film, Kat and Patrick have an unhealthy relationship. They are lying to each other and not communicating properly. Patrick is keeps secrets about why he is makingRead More10 Things I Hate About You Taming of the Shrew: Appropriation1376 Words   |  6 Pages10 Things I Hate About You The Taming of the Shrew The historical and cultural contexts of Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew (TTS) and the 1999 film 10 Things I Hate About You (10TIH) differ exceptionally, resulting in the film’s expression of values unlike those expressed in Shakespeare’s original text. Shakespeare’s play was written during the Elizabethan era, during which the belief that men were superior to women was prevalent. This concept is centralised in TTS, through incorporation

Split Of Scfr Essay Research Paper What free essay sample

Split Of Scfr Essay, Research Paper What do you believe was the chief cause in the split in the CSFR? Could the split have been avoided? CSFR was divided into two separate independent states: The Czech Republic and Slovak Republic on 1.1.1993. This split was caused because of three grounds: historical, political and economical. Below I will seek to discourse all of those grounds. We should first state what federation is: it # 8217 ; s a common province which consists of two or more equal states. And word equal is most of import for Czechoslovakia and its jobs. First, we should believe about historical grounds. In history of Czechs and Slovaks we could see that those two states were neer really together in one province. Under the Austria-Hungary, Czechs were more under Austrians and Slovaks under Hungarians. But we should get down from the beginning. During the 10th century there was the Great Moravia, which included Slovakia and Moravia. Later they conquered Czech, excessively, but merely for 100 old ages. Then the Great Moravia under the force per unit area of Hungarians and Franks diminished. After so the Czech province emerged and in 11th century Moravia joined. After this clip Czechs and Slovaks neer had their ain province until constitution of CSR in 1918. Even under the Austria-Hungary, Czech province was more advanced so Slovakia. Czech had about 75 % of all industrial end product of Austria-Hungary and Slovakia was largely agricultural. That was one of the most of import facets in the hereafter of CS ( S ) R. During the revolution in 1848-9, Czech political representation called upon rearrangement of Austria-Hungary into a liberal-constitutional province, which would guarantee free development to all states including Slavs. But the revolution was a failure and shortly after new force per unit area on Czechs and Slovaks emerged. The Czech and Slovak political representatives estimated that a new swayer of Austria-Hungary will be more generous to Slavic states. But twelvemonth 1914 changed everything. The throne replacement Frantisek Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo. In the beginning of war Czech and Slovak middle class ( non people ) suppo rted it, because they feared the militaristic Austria-Hungary. But in twelvemonth 1917 when it was clear that Austria-Hungary can # 8217 ; t win, the thought of interrupting Austria-Hungary and making their ain province was more and more common in Czech and Slovakia. On 28.10.1918, CSR was founded by Czech representatives and on 30.10.1918 by Slovakian representatives. But from the really beginning, Slovaks ( people ) ever thought that Slovakia is non equal to Czech. Which was partially true, because Czech was more advanced and had more dwellers. In 1919 Czechs had even to declare exceeding status in Slovakia. Then national authorities had to do a constitutional title, which was supposed to fasten the Czechoslovak integrity in the common province. So, we can see from the facts above, that constitution of Czechoslovakia wasn # 8217 ; t so friendly as we were told by Communist functionaries subsequently on. During communism epoch, national struggles were repressed by the cardinal Russian authorities and no divisions were allowed. But even during those times, Czechoslovakia was a really rare type of a state. There was no official reference approximately Slovaks as a autonomous state. Communists tried to counterbalance this fact by establishing for illustration KSS which really was portion of KS # 268 ; . They besides gave of import federal maps to Slovaks. Communists though that this will counterbalance the fact that Slovaks didn # 8217 ; t really have their ain state, Slovakia. But it didn # 8217 ; t aid at all and it even deepened this job. We should look closer at the Czechoslovakia during communism. Actually it was non a true federation, because all cardinal authorities was in Czech, all of import maps of the province were in Czech and Slovaks really were non equal state ( province ) . During twelvemonth 1967 Slovakian functionaries critiqued asymmetrical mixture of power in Czechoslovakia. Because of this review, authorities passed new Torahs which adjusted dealingss between CSR and SSR. CSR and SSR joined together as national province formations into the higher federational province # 8211 ; CSSR. Those should be the historical grounds of split. Same importance in this act had economical state of affairs of Czech and Slovakia during the whole period of our common province. From the really get downing Czech ever had more industry. The industrial revolution took over in Czech in the times of Austria-Hungary and Czech was one of the most industrialized states in the whole universe. On the other manus, industrial revolution hadn # 8217 ; t touched Slovakia at all. It was largely agricultural province with about none industry. After the foundation of Czechoslovakia those differences became more seeable. On one side, Czech was industrialised province with high degree of instruction, civilization etc. On the other Slovakia didn # 8217 ; Ts have about anything. They didn # 8217 ; t even have good schools. So Czech started to construct Slovakia. They sent applied scientists, instructors, politicians and all needed people to Slovakia to assist them reconstruct their province. In those old ages it was great impulse for Czechoslovak economic system which sooner became in the top 10 in the universe. Until 1948 when Communist took over Czechoslovakia. After so, they started to reconstruct Slovakia as an industrial state with immense steel fabricating companies. During those old ages Czech economic system in comparing with the remainder of universe went down, but industry in Slovakia was rebuilt from the roots. Because of that, Slovakian economic system was reasonably much at a same degree as Czech in 1980 # 8217 ; s. And that was one of the grounds why Slovakia could go a autonomous state. This should be all about economical background of split. However the most of import clip of alteration were old ages 1990-1992. Because after the accession of democracy, original federation from the communism had to be rethought. In the twelvemonth 1990 Vaclav Havel visited tonss of foreign states and after he was elected as a president, the Velvet revolution came to its coating. His popularity was higher and higher. Representatives of OF and VPN took over most of import power subdivisions of authorities. And Czechoslovakia was fixing for free elections, foremost after 40 old ages. First divisions were seeable during Vaclav Havel # 8217 ; s turn to to people when he was elected as a president. He pointed out that Milan Knazko, chief representative of the Slovakian revolution, was his adviser. Slovaks were angry because they thought that one of the most of import individual in Slovakian revolution was merely president # 8217 ; s adviser and non something more. Other job emerged when Havel was asked to come to Bratislava twenty-four hours after he was elected president, but he didn # 8217 ; t believe it was necessary. And he visited some other states foremost. But it was a large error that Havel didn # 8217 ; t realise. He came to Bratislava five months after his election and Slovaks thought that they are less of import for him than other states. And shortly after even bigger job turned up. It was the alteration of CSSR’s name. Havel and most of the Czech politicians thought that it will be an easy portion, but they didn’t understand Slovakian feeling about this job at all. This alteration of name was shortly after called â€Å"the elan war† . Slovaks wanted the elan between Czech and Slovak Federative Republic ( Cesko-slovenska federativni republika ) . But Czech politicians didn’t want it because they though that it means that we ( Czechs and Slovaks ) are non together. Discussion among them finished when Czechs said: â€Å"OK, you can hold that elan, but we won’t use it anyway† . This was so chesty to Slovaks, that they didn’t even believed it. After this incident Slovakian populace was shocked by the recreational manner of covering with such an of import issue. Czechs didn # 8217 ; t understand them at all. We can # 8217 ; t be surprised that there were more and more chauvinistic tenses in Slovakian populace. There were two subdivisions of Slovak attitude towards federation. One was represented by Jan Carnogursky and 2nd by Vladimir Meciar. The first 1 wanted to divide and to hold Slovakia as a autonomous state, 2nd wanted to hold some sort of federation, but alliance sounded better to them. After elections on 8-9. July 1990 in Slovakia, Meciar was chosen as a premier curate of Slovakian authorities. In Czech, Valtr Komarek was chosen as a premier curate. So Meciar started to negociate with Czechs. Czech representation led by Komarek strongly refused any sort of alliance. But Komarek was non every bit much a politician as Meciar was, so he wasn # 8217 ; t prepared for such a dialogue with him. On 8-9. August 1990, Meciar started dialogues in Trencanske Teplice. He told to Czech representation, that he has a authorization of VPN and Slovakian authorities, but it wasn # 8217 ; t truth. Prime curates of national authoritiess were dissatisfied with the place of national authoritiess. Calfa, premier curate of federation authorities refused to negociate with them after twosome of yearss and left. They chose a perfect clip for such a dialogue, because federal authorities and president had holiday, so they were really negociating without any legitimate authorization. After this dialogue, Meciar said that it is non possible for Czech representation to negociate about alliance, and so is for Slovaks. And even impossible is to negociate about Slovakian crowned head province. Then on 12. December 1990, competent jurisprudence was passed by federal authorities. It moved tonss of duties of federal authorities to local Czech and Slovak democracies. Than OF and VPN dissolved. From OF emerged ODS led by Vaclav Klaus and OH led by Diensbier. VPN didn # 8217 ; t like Meciar # 8217 ; s political relations, so they wanted from him to speak good about them in his addresss, including his 10min telecasting dealingss. But Meciar didn # 8217 ; t hold and he sent Milan Knazko to do a address to people on telecasting alternatively of him. In that relation, Knazko attacked Czech, because he said, that they blame Meciar excessively much. On 9th March, Meciar split from VPN and founded his ain political party called VPN for Democracy. Soon after, Slovak national advocate repealed Vladimir Meciar from the map of Slovakian premier curate. And so it appointed Jan Carnogursky to that map. Then on 28.10.1991, Vaclav Havel came to Slovakia. But his stay shortly showed Slovakian patriotism and Czech quandary to cover with it. During Vaclav Havel # 8217 ; s address he wanted to remain soundless for two proceedingss to idolize memory of those who died for Czechoslovakia. But some Slovaks alternatively shouted # 8220 ; Long live Slovakia # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; There was sufficiency of Havel # 8221 ; . Havel instantly left meeting and was surprised by Slovakian attitude. After this incident Havel felt that he is fring his political power, so he wanted to hold authorization to disregard federal parliament and to do presidential edicts. He didn # 8217 ; t win and it wasn # 8217 ; T passed. Then series of dialogues about Czechoslovak federation started. It was a complete failure. Then Czech and Slovakian representatives started to negociate about the Czechoslovakian pact. Finally they finished it, even when there was a statement, Czech representatives didn # 8217 ; t agree on. It was the portion which said that each democracy can hold its ain foreign policy. Then Slovakian national advocate didn # 8217 ; t go through this pact. It was a complete failure of the two twelvemonth Czecho-Slovak dialogues. Second free elections were won by ODS and HZDS. Vaclav Klaus was non accepting thought about split, but Meciar had such an unreal demands on federation, that it shortly wasn # 8217 ; t possible for Klaus to still hold such an attitude. HZDS clearly wanted split of CSFR and there was no infinite for Klaus to negociate about federation. Meciar wanted what he clearly couldn # 8217 ; t acquire and he knew it. At this point it was clear that federation couldn # 8217 ; t be hold. Then Slovakian national advocate declared sovereignty of Slovak democracy. Soon after Havel resigned on station of Czechoslovak president. Slovak representatives shortly after his resign said that a opportunity of re-election of Havel is none. He resigned because he felt that he lost allowance of most Slovak politicians. Then it was announced by Meciar and Klaus that on 1.1.1993 federation should stop. Then it was passed in all three authoritiess that Czechs and Slovaks will hold their ain states. Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. So could the split have been avoided? I think that in the really get downing in twelvemonth 1990 it could hold been. If Havel came to Slovakia right after his election and had a professional address where he would state Slovaks that they are tight to Czechs. But alternatively he came to Bratislava five months subsequently and had an recreational address. The job was that he didn # 8217 ; t understand Slovakian job at all. He and whole Czech representation were non prepared to confront such a complicated issue. Their recreational dialogues gave infinite to Slovakian chauvinistic parties and persons. In 1992 it was clear that federation can # 8217 ; t be hold. I think that tonss of people blame Klaus for split of federation, but that # 8217 ; s non true at all. Klaus from the beginning was against split, but in 1992 he saw, there was no manner for federation to remain. So in the really terminal he was extremist and didn # 8217 ; t let any alterations in understanding with Meciar ab out split. Because he knew more and more jobs would on occasion follow. I think that it was right to divide in 1992, because there was likely no other manner of covering with that job during those times. Most people argue, that there was no referendum about split. That # 8217 ; s right, but if referendum was issued and people likely wouldn # 8217 ; t agree with split, there still would be political state of affairs which would be unhealthy for our province. Yes, I think that split was right and even the manner it was done. Bibliography Slovensk? Socialistick? Republika # 8211 ; Encyklopedick? P # 345 ; ehled, Josef Vlad? R, 1984 Trval? hodnoty, Viliam Plevza, 1986 Trval? hodnoty II, Viliam Plevza, 1986